阙怎么读（脂怎么读）

　　通假字是古代汉语中很常见的一种文言用字现象。＂通假＂就是＂通用、假借＂的意思。凡两个读音相同或者相近、意义也相同的词，古代可以写这个，也可以写那个，叫做通用。例如＂反＂同＂返＂。 凡两个读音相同或者相近而意义毫不相干的词，古代可以借代，叫做假借。例如借用要求的＂要＂字来代替邀请的＂邀＂。例中的＂反＂字＂要＂字，统称为通假字；被替代的＂返＂字＂邀＂字，叫做本字或正字。用我们今天的话来说，通假字就是别字，其读音应按本字的音来读。熟悉文言文中常见的通假字，避免望文生义，有助于提高文言文的阅读水平。为此，笔者把七——九年级统编教材中的通假字依序汇总如下，以便同学们记背。
　　七年级（上册：4个）
　　例句···························通假字·············本字········意义······················出·············处
　　尊君在不·····················不（fǒu）··········否·········表疑问，吗···········《陈太丘与友期行》
　　不亦说乎····················说（yuè）···········悦·········愉快、高兴················《论语·学而》
　　吾十有五而志于学········有（yòu）···········又·······来连接整数和零数·····《论语·为证》
　　其人舍然大喜/··············舍（shì）···········释·········解除、消除··········《杞人忧天》
　　晓之者亦舍然大喜·········舍（shì）···········释··········解除、消除············杞人忧天》
　　注：《杞人忧天》：＂亡处亡气、亡处亡块＂的＂亡＂，教材注解读（wú），无，没有。《愚公移山》中的＂河曲智叟亡以应＂中的＂亡＂，也读（wú），无，没有。
　　七年级（下册：3个）
　　例句····················· ·····通假字···········本字···········释义··················出·········处
　　对镜帖花黄··················帖（tiē ）········贴·············粘贴·············《木兰诗》
　　但手熟尔/惟手熟尔·········尔（ěr）·········耳·····
　　········罢了·············《卖油翁》
　　徐以杓酌油沥之·············杓（sháo）······勺··········舀东西的器具····《卖油翁》
　　注：《孙权劝学》：＂孤岂欲卿治经为博士耶＂的＂邪＂，教材注解：（yé）语气词，后写作＂耶＂。 《马说》中的＂其真无马邪＂的＂邪‘’也读（yé）语气词。
　　＂八年级（上册：13个）
　　例句·······················通假字·· ······本字·····释义···········出········处
　　两岸连山，略无阙处···阙（quē）··· ·缺·······空隙、缺口······《三峡》
　　窥谷忘反··················反（fǎn）····· 返·······返回·······《与朱元思书》
　　蝉则千转不穷············转（zhuàn）··啭·······鸟鸣，这里指蝉鸣··《同上》
　　亲戚畔之··················畔（pàn）·····叛·······背叛·《得道多助，失道寡助》
　　往之女家··················女（rǔ）·······汝········你·········《富贵不能淫》
　　曾益其所不能············曾（zēnɡ）····增·········增加··《生于忧患，死于安乐》
　　衡于虑·····················衡（hénɡ）····横·········梗塞、不顺····《同上》
　　入则无法家拂士·········拂（bì）···· ···弼··········辅佐··········《同上》
　　寒暑易节，始一反焉···反（fǎn）······返··········往返 ·······《愚公移山》
　　甚矣，汝之不惠·········惠（huì）···· ·慧··········聪明········《愚公移山》
　　无陇断焉··················陇（lǒnɡ）·····垄··········高地········《愚公移山》
　　军士吏被甲···············被（pī）········披············穿着········《周亚夫军细柳》
　　改容式车··········式（shì）··轼··车前横木。这里作动词，指扶轼··《同上》
　　八年级（下册：16个，其中3个教材先已注明是通假字）
　　例句···························通假字····· 本字·····释义·············出··处
　　便要还家·····················要（yāo）··邀·······邀请··········《桃花源记》
　　诎右臂支船··················诎（qū）····屈·······弯曲············《刻舟记》
　　左手倚一衡木················衡（hénɡ）·横······横着，跟＂竖＂相对 《刻舟记》
　　为字共三十有四·············有（yòu）···又····用来连接整数和零数··《刻舟记》
　　北冥有鱼······················冥（mínɡ）··溟······海··········《北冥有鱼》
　　学学半·························学（xiào）····敩······教导·········《虽有嘉肴》
　　选贤与能······················与（jǔ）·······举·······推举·······《大道之行也》
　　矜、寡、孤、独、废··································································
　　疾者皆有所养················矜（ɡuān）····鳏······老而无妻····《大道之行也》
　　祗辱于奴隶人之手··········祗（zhǐ）·······只······只，仅··········《马说》
　　食马者不知其能千里而食也··食（sì）·····饲·······喂··············《马说》
　　食之不能尽其材··············材（cái）·······才······才能·············《马说》
　　才美不外见····················见（xiàn）······现······表现·············《马说》
　　何时眼前突兀见此屋·······见（xiàn）·············现······出现·《茅屋为秋风所破歌》
　　系上牛头充炭直·············直（zhí）·············值········价钱······（《卖炭翁》）
　　注：《愚公移山》＂一厝朔东，一厝雍南＂的＂厝＂不再是通假字，教材注解解为＂厝：放置、安放＂
　　补释： ＂《兑命》‘学学半’＂出自《尚书·说（yuè）命下》。《尚书》中的《说命》分上、中、下三篇，记录的全是关于傅说（yuè）的命辞或讲话。据此，有人认为＂兑＂（yuè），同＂说＂，指殷商时的贤相傅说。教材没把＂兑＂列入通假字。
　　九年级（上册：2个）
　　例句············ ····通假字······本字········释义·····出········处
　　百废具兴············具（zhǔ）··俱········全、皆···《岳阳楼记》
　　嘱予作文以记之···属（jù）·····嘱·········嘱托····《岳阳楼记》
　　九年级（下册：21，其中5个，教材未注明是通假字）
　　例句··························通假字···· 本字·····释义·······出······处
　　故患有所不辟也···········辟（bì）··· 避······躲避···《鱼我所欲也》
　　万钟则不辩礼义而受之··辩（biàn）··辨······辨别··《鱼我所欲也》
　　所识穷乏者得我与········得（dé）····德····· 感恩、感激··《同上》
　　所识穷乏者得我与········与（yú）·····欤·····语气助词，吗··《同上》
　　乡为身死而不受···········乡（xiànɡ）··向·····从前、先前····《同上》
　　秦王不说····················说（yuè）····悦·····高兴··《唐雎不辱使命》
　　故不错意也·················错（cuò）····措·····安放、安置··《同上》
　　轻寡人与····················与（yú）······欤·····语气助词，吗··《同上》
　　仓鹰击于殿上···············仓（cānɡ）···苍······青色· 《唐雎不辱使命》
　　四支僵劲不能动·············支（zhī）····肢······肢体···《送东阳马生序》
　　同舍生皆被绮绣·············被（pī）······披······穿着···《送东阳马生序》
　　与之论辨······················辨（biàn）···辩······辩驳····《送东阳马生序》
　　孰视之，自以为不如·······孰（shú）····熟······仔细·《 邹忌忌讽齐王纳谏》
　　发闾左適戍渔阳·············適（zhé）····谪······谪迁、谪发··《陈涉世家》
　　为天下唱······················唱（chànɡ）··倡······倡导、发起··《陈涉世家》
　　卜者知其指意·················指（zhǐ）·····旨·······意图·、意思·《陈涉世家》
　　固以怪之矣····················以（yǐ ）·······已······已经···········《陈涉世家》
　　将军身被坚执锐···············被（pī）······披······披戴、穿··········《陈涉世家》
　　苟富贵，无相忘···············无（wú）·····毋······不要···········《陈涉世家》
　　必能裨补阙漏··················阙（què）····缺·······缺失·······《出师表》
　　尔来二十有一年矣············有（yòu）····又····用于整数和零数之间··《出师表》